examples of cultural influences on behavior

In the United States, the stereotypes of the sexually attractive woman and man are perpetuated by the media, advertisements, and movies. Environmental stresses including crowding, heat, and natural catastrophes have been found to alter the birth sex ratio in human populations. The Cultural values S are the elements or convictions common to a group of people.

One obvious example, is the greater propensity for inhibition of sexual response in women, and a wider range of inhibiting situations that affect them, as demonstrated by our studies based on the Dual Control model discussed earlier in this chapter (see also Chapters 2 and 6chapter 2chapter 6). Negative consequences of anxiety in the parenting role include decreased emotional availability, overprotection, and modeling of maladaptive coping strategies.

Some cultures, for example, might stress individualism and the importance of personal autonomy. Social learning has also been implicated in the development and maintenance of low assertiveness and low risk taking associated with women and linked to anxiety [99]. With the changing social role expectations during the 1990s, anxiety states would be expected to have a greater impact on women as they assume a more equal balance in occupational and familial role functions.

Temporary decreases in the sex ratio such as these might be due to alterations of parental hormones, altered quality of semen, or an increased rate of early spontaneous abortion of males.

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Teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create multicultural education lessons and materials can benefit from learning more about how cultural differences impact student learning, achievement, and motivation. The Huffington Post examines the influence of culture on behavior by discussing the expansive reach of culture in both public and private life. This may in part explain the more balanced sex ratio for social phobia in contrast to that of other subtypes of anxiety.

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One woman may be aroused by a man’s open shirt and hairy chest, whereas another may especially like men’s forearms. A sharp decline in the sex ratio at birth was reported 9 months following the 1995 Kobe earthquake and 320 days after the 1952 London smog and the 1965 Brisbane flood. Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Many other branches of psychology focus on how parents, friends, and other people impact human behavior, but most do not take into account the powerful impact that culture may have on individual human actions. The International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established in 1972, and this branch of psychology has continued to grow and develop since that time. Today, increasing numbers of psychologists investigate how behavior differs among various cultures throughout the world. Rene J. Herrera, Ralph Garcia-Bertrand, in Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations, 2018.

It can also make it difficult to see how your own cultural background influences your behaviors.

After prioritizing European and North American research for many years, Western researchers began to question whether many of the observations and ideas that were once believed to be universal might apply to cultures outside of these areas.

One important factor in human evolution was the increased consumption of animal tissues.87 Advantages to eating a diet rich in animal protein include higher density caloric content and concentrated micronutrients; however, increased animal fat ingestion can also lead to medical problems especially when accompanied with a sedentary lifestyle. Malaria is caused by several species of the Plasmodium parasite that is transmitted via mosquitoes. endstream endobj 19 0 obj <> endobj 20 0 obj <> endobj 21 0 obj <>stream This could lead to a substantial increase in the frequency of an advantageous allele.

For example, consider how something such as social cognition might vary from an individualist culture such as the United States versus a collectivist culture such as China.

And at another level, inhibition of the sexual pleasure, the superadded component, has been the target of sexual repression through much of history, reflecting male concerns about women's sexual pleasure. Many cross-cultural psychologists choose to focus on one of two approaches: Some cross-cultural psychologists take a combined emic-etic approach.. Students interested in social or personality psychology can benefit from learning about how culture impacts social behavior and individual personality. endstream endobj 24 0 obj <>stream

Culture plays a role in forming a child's identity, conversational style and memory.

Individuals who have one copy of the recessive gene show resistance to malaria.60 Therefore, in areas of the world that are greatly affected by malaria, natural selection has increased the frequency of sickled cell genes in the population.

Germaine S. Nkengfack Nembongwe, Heike Englert, in HIV/AIDS, 2018, Other factors challenging effective intake of antioxidants are strong cultural influences concerning food choices and preparation methods, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Although sickle cell anemia can be a deadly disease, the sickled cells can prevent another more deadly disease, malaria, by inhibiting the malaria parasite from invading and replicating in the sickled red cells. The symptoms of malaria can include constant chills, fever, blood loss, seizures, organ failure, and even death. Couples with a female agoraphobic have been found to have comparable levels of marital adjustment compared to those of normals, whereas couples with females with depression or substance abuse had high levels of marital impairment [126]. Cultures throughout the world share many similarities but are marked by considerable differences. But what may be true in our culture may not be true in other cultures.

Describe an example of a behavior that is impacted by socialization and cultural influences. The emergence of social elite with access to food surpluses likely triggered the initial onset of obesity, but obesity can also arise from a sudden change in diet.

Indeed, agoraphobia may have had adaptive value in reproduction and child-rearing during the early evolutionary phase of human existence [127].

Environmental stresses including crowding, heat, and natural catastrophes have been found to alter the birth sex ratio in human populations. However, some evidence links communities that experienced food shortages, and then subsequent dietary changes to high levels of obesity. The cultural values of a group are not always obvious to the naked eye.

Interestingly, the proportion of males born increased sharply after both world wars in combatant countries.

The common mistakes such as attributing behavior and stereotyping according to individual’s race & culture basically influences an individual’s behavior. Likewise, there is more to understand regarding the use of dreams in treatment. These determine the way of being and guide the behavior and decisions of individuals within the same group.

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Because of these benefits, natural selection favored this mutation; however, DNA extracted from the bones of ancient Europeans have identified that these people remained intolerant to lactose for 5000 years after they adopted agricultural practices.

Interestingly, the sex ratio did not change following the severe Dutch famine during the winter of 1944–45.

This mutation allows people to produce the lactase enzyme past their nursing years, so that they can break down lactose in adulthood.2 Milk provided the benefits of calcium, vitamins, and the carbohydrate lactose to those early agrarian populations that inherited the mutation. {�^U��I�iɶ������3v�y��h�

72 0 obj <>stream Cross-cultural psychology touches on a wide range of topics, so students with an interest in other psychology topics may choose to also focus on this area of psychology.

Perspect Psychol Sci.

The understanding of cultural influence on the relationship between psychopathology and dreams would benefit from more contemporary research.

Shear promotes the theory that sex roles, specifically, orginate as individuals learn gender-stereotyped behavior from their interpersonal interactions, culture, and by modeling the behaviors of others [99].

The Effects of Individualistic Cultures on Behavior .

The languages of China fall into 10 main groups: Sino-Tibetan, including Sinitic (Han Chinese, the majority nationality) and Tibeto-Burman (17 nationalities, more than 100 languages), throughout the country; Manchu-Tungus (Manchu, Xibo, Ewenk, Oroqen, and Hezhe nationalities, seven languages), mainly in the northeast; Mongol in the north central region (5.5 nationalities, including half of the Yugur, seven languages); Turkic (6.5 nationalities and seven languages, with the other half of the Yugur); Austroasiatic or Mon-Khmer in the far southwest (Wa, Bulang, De'ang, and Jing nationalities, also some small unclassified groups, more than 12 languages); Tai-Kadai in the southwest (9 nationalities, more than 20 languages); Miao-Yao in the southwest central area (Miao, Yao, and She nationalities, 27 languages); Indo-European (two nationalities, Tajik and Russian, plus creole Portuguese in Macao); Korean; and Austronesian (the Gaoshan nationality, a dozen languages indigenous to Taiwan, with a few speakers on the mainland).

However, we can consider at one level, inhibition of the basic pattern, if the need is to avoid inappropriate reproduction.

Ethnocentrism refers to a tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures. In other words, taking an ethnocentric point of view means using your understanding of your own culture to gauge what is "normal." Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. KATHLEEN RIES MERIKANGAS, RACHEL A. POLLOCK, in Women and Health, 2000. In terms of social consequences of anxiety, there is some evidence that women with phobic states may have little impairment in either the marital or parental role. These are just some of the questions that a cross-cultural psychologist might explore. Preparation of some African traditional meals require several hours of cooking, altering nutrient content of most vegetables. 0 Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. However, as the population increases, so will the number of deleterious mutations.

A sharp decline in the sex ratio at birth was reported 9 months following the 1995 Kobe earthquake and 320 days after both the 1952 London smog and the 1965 Brisbane flood.

Culture refers to many characteristics of a group of people, including attitudes, behaviors, customs, and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Scholars have coined the term for the mutual evolution of genes and culture as gene–culture coevolution.

Such differences can play a powerful role in many aspects of life. This has many implications for how to deal with children, from school to the judicial system.

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