grundrisse introduction summary

Production in general is an abstraction, but a rational abstraction in so far as it really brings out … In contrast, Marx looks at capitalism as a historic development and the individuals within capitalism as a product of the bourgeois mode of production. Los Grundrisse o Elementos fundamentales para la crítica de la economía política son una recopilación de anotaciones de Karl Marx, completada entre 1857-1858, que pueden considerarse borradores de su obra cumbre, El Capital. Interruption of the production process. (adds more layers)–>what else does it presuppose (adds more layers)–>Image of the real world. As whole societies are concerned, for conquerors to pillage that means there must have been some kind of production happening to pillage. As little as Rousseau’s contr… More people are joined together and depend on each other for commodity production than at any other time. …all epochs of production have certain common traits, common characteristics. Transcribed and marked-up by Tim Delaney.

Critique of theories of the standard measure of money, Capital, not labour, determines the value of money. This is the case with every organic whole. By separating distribution from production, they have successfully removed production from our subconscious and focused all our energy on distribution. Marx contrasts this approach to the predominant bourgeois enlightenment methods which suspends individuals in history while projecting behaviors that suited the development of the bourgeois social relation on to them. In reality, my abstraction of “it provides shelter” does nothing for me to understand the historical stage, geography, and many other factors that affect the differences between a Mansion and an Igloo. Translated by: Martin Nicolaus; Marx/Engels Archive, (4) Contradiction between money as particular commodity and money as general commodity, Surplus value and productive force. It is often described as the rough draft of Das Kapital, although there is considerable disagreement about the exact relationship between the two texts, particularly around the issue of methodology. The introduction to the Grundrisse contains the methodology that Marx advocates in using to investigate history. The structure of distribution is determined by the structure of production. They are, likewise, modes of reproduction of capital.” So ground rent, wages, interest and profit presupposed land, labor and capital. * * *

Our individual portion is further parcelled out to satisfy our needs (eg. Eighteenth-century Ideas.

When economists use the term “property” they are referring to private property. Even the way to pillage is determined by production. Individualism, as we know it today, didn’t exist until capitalism came into existence. It would be a complete waste of time. The series of seven notebooks were rough-drafted by Marx, chiefly for purposes of self-clarification, during the winter of 1857-8. Well, we would be confusing learned behavior due to historic conditions with human nature. Capital is, among other things, also an instrument of production, also objectified, past labor. A photo-offset reprint of the two volumes bound in one, minus illustrations and facsimiles, was issued by Dietz Verlag, Berlin (E.), in 1953, and is the basis of the present translation. Marx says, “they are modes of distribution whose presupposition is capital as agent of production. Surplus capital, Immovable capital. Number of reproductions of capital = number of turnovers, Change of form and of matter in the circulation of capital C – M – C. M – C – M, Difference between production time and labour time, Small-scale circulation. Just like a 14th century Polish woman could not steal someone’s identity online because they did not have computers. So we would strive towards more precise definitions to arrive at increasingly simpler concepts until we reach the most simple definition, or determinant. The fact that I produced this document reveals that someone, me in this case, consumed energy, hardware & software (since it is on a computer), and all the resources that went into making this computer, the internet, etc… The specificity of how something is consumed is important.

Money for him is only medium of circulation, Savings, self-denial as means of the worker's enrichment, Valuelessness and devaluation of the worker a condition of capital, The exchange between capital and labour belongs within simple circulation, does not enrich the worker, Separation of labour and property the precondition of this exchange, Labour as object absolute poverty, labour as subject general possibility of wealth, Labour without particular specificity confronts capital, The worker relates to his labour as exchange value, the capitalist as use value, The worker divests himself of labour as the wealth-producing power; capital appropriates it as such, Mere self-preservation, non-multiplication of value contradicts the essence of capital, Capital enters the cost of production as capital. So products reveal themselves to be useful only when they are consumed. For example, a garment becomes a real garment only in the act of being worn; a house where no one lives is in fact not a real house; thus the product, unlike a mere natural object, proves itself to be, becomes, a product only through consumption. Value of money, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, (2) General relation between production, distribution, exchange and consumption, (4) Means (forces) of production and relations of production, relations of production and relations of circulation, Transformation of the commodity into exchange value; money, (1) Contradiction between commodity as product and commodity as exchange value, (2) Contradiction between purchase and sale, (3) Contradiction between exchange for the sake of exchange and exchange for the sake of commodities, Attempts to overcome the contradictions by the issue of time-chits, Exchange value as mediation of private interests, Social relations which create an undeveloped system of exchange, Product becomes a commodity; the commodity becomes exchange value; the exchange value of the commodity becomes money, Money as objectification of general labour time, Distinction between particular labour time and general labour time, Distinction between planned distribution of labour time and measurement of exchange values by labour time, The precious metals as subjects of the money relation, (a) Gold and silver in relation to the other metals, (b) Fluctuations in the value-relations between the different metals, (c) and (d) (headings only): Sources of gold and silver; money as coin, Circulation of money and opposite circulation of commodities, (a) Circulation circulates exchange values in the form of prices, (Distinction between real money and accounting money), (What determines the quantity of money required for circulation), Commodity circulation requires appropriation through alienation, Circulation as an endlessly repeated process, The price as external to and independent of the commodity, Double motion of circulation: C-M; M-C, and M-C; C-M, (1) Money as general material of contracts, as measuring unit of exchange values, (2) Money as medium of exchange and realizer of prices, (Money, as representative of price, allows commodities to be exchanged at equivalent prices), (An example of confusion between the contradictory functions of money), (Money as particular commodity and money as general commodity), (3) Money as money: as material representative of wealth (accumulation of money), (Dissolution of ancient communities through money), (Money, unlike coin, has a universal character), (Money in its third function is the negation (negative unity) of its character as medium of circulation and measure), (Money in its metallic being; accumulation of gold and silver), (Headings on money, to be elaborated later), Difficulty in grasping money in its fully developed character as money, Simple exchange: relations between the exchangers, (Critique of socialists and harmonizers: Bastiat, Proudhon), Nothing is expressed when capital is characterized merely as a sum of values, Capital comes from circulation; its content is exchange value; merchant capital, money capital, and money interest, Circulation presupposes another process; motion between presupposed extremes, Transition from circulation to capitalist production, 'Capital is a sum of values used for the production of values', Circulation, and exchange value deriving from circulation, the presupposition of capital, Exchange value emerging from circulation, a presupposition of circulation, preserving and multiplying itself in it by means of labour, Product and capital.

The object before us, to begin with, material production.

Not so for fixed capital. Production in general is an abstraction, but a rational abstraction insofar as it really brings out and fixes the common element and thus saves us repetition. Two nations may exchange according to the law of profit in such a way that both gain, but one is always defrauded. Within production itself they are constantly being changed. The fact that we need to consume reveals that production is occurring. Exchange value and use value for exchange value, Money and its use value (labour) in this relation capital, Self-multiplication of value is its only movement, Capital, as regards substance, objectified labour. Its antithesis living, productive labour, Productive labour and labour as performance of a service. Marx says the same person is actually determined by the system that produced him/her and not the universal and not a transhistorical person. In “society” (in capitalist social relations), we find that what one produces does not automatically go to the producer. Do note, though, Marx did not intend it for publication as is, so it can be stylistically very rough in places. The land is then owned by more and more people “giving production a new character” (distribution of land by revolutionaries). The process of exchange between capital and labour capacity generally, Threefold character, or mode, of circulation, Influence of fixed capital on the total turnover time of capital, Transposition of powers of labour into powers of capital both in fixed and in circulating capital, To what extent fixed capital (machine) creates value, Contradiction between the foundation of bourgeois production (value as measure) and its development, Significance of the development of fixed capital (for the development of capital generally), The chief role of capital is to create disposable time; contradictory form of this in capital, Real saving (economy) = saving of labour time = development of productive force, True conception of the process of social production, Owen's historical conception of industrial (capitalist) production, Scope of fixed capital indicates the level of capitalist production. Productive and unproductive labour.

Velocity of circulation substitutes for volume of capital. Instead, distribution steps between producing and consuming. In reality, historically speaking, most appropriation was collective and not private. For bourgeois economists, the person they describe as living under capitalism is “timeless” – meaning each and every individual during any time and place would have the same needs/wants/opportunities. Distribution appears as something preceding production on the individual level and whole societies. Interest. Consumption also restarts the whole process by being consumed, it triggers the need for production. Think about the fact that I consumed coffee and cake in order to produce this document.

For example, the objects of production were once seized by conquerors (taken and distributed by conquerors), or revolutionaries who then divided land into smaller pieces.

Surplus labour.

The survival of the human species was dependent on fixed collective cooperation.

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