henry ii of france cause of death

Having taken refuge at the fortress of Dunbar, Marie of Guise asked France for help.

Kill them all!” when asked to confirm the orders). He was a trendsetter like his mother and they say was deeply loved by her. None was blameless, but the cause of the quarrels was principally Henry’s policy of dividing his dominions among his sons while reserving real authority for himself. The Guises were unpopular, and their militant Catholicism caused a worsening of the country’s religious crisis when they intensified the repression of Protestants begun by Henri II. Of these, the four sons who survived infancy—Henry, Geoffrey, Richard, and John—repaid his genuine affection with resentment toward their father and discord among themselves. He said the only thing he liked about Poland was their beer. Once the marriage agreement was formally ratified, the six-year-old Mary was sent to France to be raised at court until the marriage. The justices formed three groups: one on tour, one “on the bench” at Westminster, and one with the King when the court was out of London. There was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy, supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland.

Learn how your comment data is processed. The climax came during the night of 4 and 5 September, when Protestant militias tried to take over Lyon. During a jousting match, King Henry, wearing the colors of his mistress Diane de Poitiers, was wounded in the eye by a fragment of the splintered lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the King's Sc…

This provided a system of criminal investigation for the whole country, with a reasonable verdict probable because the firm accusation of the jury entailed exile even if the ordeal acquitted the accused. Richard succeeded his father as king. Even though they did not want to split from Rome, the Pope's opposition led them to threaten a national council if he did not agree.[20]. Then twenty-two, Henri was already king of Poland (a wonderful consolation prize for a younger son) – though he abandoned that post to take the crown of France. It was a union that could have given the future kings of France the throne of Scotland and also a claim to the throne of England through Mary's great-grandfather, King Henry VII of England. King Stephen agreed to accept Henry as his coadjutor and heir. Matters were eased by the death of Geoffrey (1186), but the King’s attempt to find an inheritance for John led to a coalition against him of Richard and the young Philip II Augustus, who had succeeded his father, Louis VII, as king of France. Francis's governor and governess were Jean d'Humières and Françoise d'Humières, and his tutor was Pierre Danès, a Greek scholar originally from Naples. A similar writ of Mort d’Ancestor decided whether the ancestor of a plaintiff had in fact possessed the estate, whereas that of Darrein Presentment (i.e., last presentation) decided who in fact had last presented a parson to a particular benefice.

He had arrived at court during the uprising and helped to defend the castle. He was baptised on 10 February 1544 at the Chapelle des Trinitaires in Fontainebleau. In foreign policy, Francis II continued peace efforts Henry II had begun with the signing of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559, which ended 40 years of war between France and the Habsburg empire. Afraid to see gallicanism slip out of his control, the Pope eventually agreed to a general council, but rejected the attendance of any Protestant, as demanded by the French government. [22] This decision led to the reopening of the Council of Trent. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [5] But since he was young, inexperienced, and in fragile health, he delegated his power to his wife's uncles from the noble House of Guise: Francis, Duke of Guise, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. The king's health deteriorated in November 1560. Francis was the first in a series of three French princes, children of Henri and Catherine de Medici, all of whom died young. When he arrived in Poland they looked at him and his handsome male retinue and asked “Have we elected a King or Queen? Frustrations mounted at court, as the cutbacks spared the regiments under the control of the Guises and their friends. Common soldiers were consigned to use as rowers on the royal galleys. Although law officials intervened to disperse them and to imprison the organizers, the growing numbers of participants, which sometimes exceeded a thousand, made it impossible to accomplish this for lack of resources. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. You can unsubscribe at any time and of course I'll never pass on your email address to anybody else (my Privacy Policy has all the details - there's a link at the bottom of every page). The king granted them numerous favours and privileges,[9][10] one of the most significant being the title of Grand Master of France, a title until then held by the son of the Constable, François de Montmorency. Determined to assert his rights in all his lands, Henry II reasserted the centralized power of his grandfather, Henry I, in England. At the beginning of his reign Henry found England in disorder, with royal authority ruined by civil war and the violence of feudal magnates.

The ministers who engaged upon these reforms took a fully professional interest in the business they handled, as may be seen in Fitzneale’s writing on the Exchequer and that of the chief justiciar, Ranulf de Glanville, on the laws of England; and many of the expedients adopted by the King may have been suggested by them. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Geoffrey of Anjou, in 1151. The fees enriched the treasury, and recourse to the courts both extended the King’s control and discouraged irregular self-help. After receiving a good literary education, part of it in England, Henry became duke of Normandy in 1150 and count of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine on the death of his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, in 1151. He acceded to the throne in 1559, aged only 14, after the accidental death of his father Henri II from a jousting accident. On 6 July 1560, they signed the Treaty of Edinburgh, which ended French occupation of Scotland. He knew if he did not recant his Protestant faith he would face constant challenges when France needed stability. On 23 December 1560, Francis II's body was interred in the Basilica of St Denis by the Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon. Highly critical of the Pope, the Assembly of Notables also decided to gather France's bishops to obtain their consent for a national council. Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 to his death. His quarrels with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and with various family members (including his son, Richard the Lionheart) ultimately brought about his defeat. Henry acquired most of the Continental possessions that would expand the kingdom of England before he became king in 1154. [16], Clemency towards Protestants became policy. They were unable to help Catholics in Scotland against the progressing Scottish Reformation, however, and the Auld Alliance was dissolved. Richard joined the protest of the others and was supported by Eleanor. Henri of Navarre the Protestant took over as he had no children.

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