indigenous conservation practices of environment

_IB endobj /ItalicAngle 0 Aregheore, E.A., 2010, Zambia Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles, Marfel Consulting, Burnaby. Grenier, L., 1998, Working with indigenous knowledge: A guide for researchers, IDRC, Ottawa. endobj The Tongas’ environmental sustainability strategies have been proved very practicable; thus, for effectiveness, efforts on biodiversity conservation can learn from their context-specific local knowledge and institutional mechanisms. /BaseFont /Arial,Italic /FontDescriptor 6 0 R Also the fact that intercropping conserves the soil, reduces pests and increases crop yield, was revealed. In this case, sacredness is associated with either the whole or part of the water source. Because of a common belief that rain spirits abide in these areas, the water sources are kept ‘pure’.

Essentially, the researcher was both a silent background observer and a ‘participant-observer’. He further argues that traditional beliefs, cultural mores and practices are significant in the successful conservation of the natural environment. In this case, usually grass and crop residues are added in cattle kraals to add bulk to the amount of organic remains. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 0 556 833 In addition, they conserve vegetation along riverbanks. They have lived sustainably within their biophysical environment for many centuries (Kaoma 2010). /Subtype /TrueType /Border [0 0 0] knowledge and practices in the area of environmental management and conservation. << These birds are extoled for cleaning the environment as they feast on carcases of cattle which die of foot and mouth disease almost annually. /MaxWidth 1052 << /ItalicAngle 0 /Flags 32

They are involved in managing flora and fauna in reserves. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992, International Council for adult education, UNCED, Rio de Janeiro.

Governments and policymakers should also integrate indigenous knowledge into environmental policies and take advantage of this knowledge to minimise environmental degradation (UN 2013). /Rect [144.919 175.926 213.094 164.439] In the observation of the author, and indeed through the testimony of most of the elderly respondents, the best of the grain seeds are preserved by hanging or stacking them in the roof of the kitchen where smoke acts as grain preservative against pests. /Ascent 905

/Subtype /TrueType Most of the herbalists held that cutting all the roots, removing backs round the plant or cutting the entire plant for medicine would lead to the cutting (death) of the life of the patient. >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 It ensures that only parts of plants or animals whose removal will not retard regeneration and recovery of the affected plants, are extracted. Findings from most of the traditional leaders, the elderly and the researcher’s observations all agree that before the annual cutting of grass by the Tonga people, commissioning by traditional authorities has to first occur to certify that grass has matured enough to shade seeds. /Subtype /TrueType

/XHeight 519 They also serve as wind breakers and minimise the impact of storms on their crops. In addition, the observation method was used to confirm some responses from the study participants about conservation and in identifying some of the environmental sustainability strategies that may not have been stated by the participants. The study also revealed intercropping as being an important practice of the Tonga.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Violating this norm attracted sanctions by spirits and punishment by traditional leaders (Garutsa 2014). 21 0 obj The study found that killing scavenger birds is a taboo amongst the Tonga.

Also, to ensure harvest of wild nuts and fruits is not damaging to the plants, they grow fruit trees on their farms and around the village. Wild fruit trees have been preserved by sparing them when clearing vegetation for various development purposes. In this regard, some holes are dug where seeds are planted leaving the other areas intact. /FontBBox [-498 -307 1120 1023] 0 0 0 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 722 611 833 The Ba’Aka pygmies of Central Africa represent a good case of indigenous people’s involvement in environmental sustainability. The author declares that he has no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced him in writing this article. endobj Their sustainability practices are manifested through traditional modes of agriculture, namely, shifting cultivation, mixed farming and agroforestry (Wolfgram 2006). An observation of many species of scavenger birds and some rare birds prompted an inquiry. /StemH 78 /StemV 78 The elderly respondents further disclosed Bbondwe and Mutandazyeelo as being amongst the other plant species that add to soil fertility. /Type /Font Besides, sickles used for grass harvesting do not affect the roots, thus ensuring sustainable grass growth. They are a source of water during drought as communities sink traditional wells in wetlands. & Frankel, R.M., 1996, ‘Ethnography: A stepwise approach for primary care researchers’, Family Medicine 28(2), 52–66. /Flags 32 Indigenous Harvesting Practices Enhance Ecosystems. They believe that burning ensures good growth of fresh pasture and kills animal pests including ticks. /ItalicAngle 0 Apart from the benefit of the soil being sustained for nutrients, intercropping provides a variety of nutrition to the community, as different crops with varying nutritional values are grown in one field simultaneously. Commenting on this phenomenon, Mushuku et al. Bolster indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs). /FontDescriptor 10 0 R 2016; Accepted: 01 Sept. 2016; Published: 03 Nov. 2016. In addition, most farmers having demolished anthills apply the soils in their fields to add nutrients. /FirstChar 32 This is despite their being the leading agricultural ethnic group in Zambia (Kanene 2015). It was also found that only those species that were in abundance and were not fruit trees were generally considered for firewood. >> However, there is no known study that has been conducted to explore the strategies aiding them to live harmoniously with their environment. /StemV 78 This conserves soil structure and fertility as well as reduces soil erosion (Chapungu 2000). and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The data were collected through interviews with elderly Tonga people and herbali… As such, it is demanded that only naturally dried parts of the plant should be extracted for firewood. /Ascent 891 /LastChar 183 The researcher’s observation found that fruit trees are not only important as sources of food and as money earner through fruit sales but also serve as shade to the people during resting intervals as they work in their fields.

Thematic analysis was employed for data analysis and the results of the study are presented in descriptive form. Likewise, amongst the Marakwets, Lssozi (2012) found that it was a taboo to wash in or near a water source. Besides, some of the seeds having been thoroughly mixed with ash are deposited in an airtight container which is then kept in a cool room until planting time. /FontDescriptor 8 0 R /Ascent 1005 /ItalicAngle 0 The coincidence of interests characterizing the indigenous peoples' movement and the international lobby for better management of natural resources has been apparent for some time. /A <> endobj The mean annual temperature varies between 18 ºC and 20 °C. These people live within the environment with an attitude of respect guided by their ecological wisdom (Cooper & Palmer 1998).

Crabtree, B.F. & Miller, W.L. 8 0 obj /Flags 32 This is notwithstanding the fact that much of the land is cleared of forests for agricultural purposes. /MissingWidth 250 In summary, the Ba’Aka case above simply illustrates the existence of viable environmental sustainability strategies amongst indigenous Africa communities. In addition, pregnant women should not eat certain types of reptiles, birds and animals because eating them might stop production of breast milk or cause foetal abortions (Chikwanha 2011). As for sweet potato seeds, the researcher observed that the farmers leave some of the potatoes in the soil during harvesting to germinate with the first rains and are allowed to mature for planting. Also, some creepers are cut at harvesting and then planted in gardens to be watered till the subsequent season. /MissingWidth 250 /ItalicAngle -12 /FontName /TimesNewRoman

In the extraction of nature-based medicines, they are usually concerned with environmental sustainability. Cooper, D.E. This researcher observed that, traditionally, the Tonga use wood fuel as their main source of energy. 722 778 667 0 0 667 611 722 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 obj

Besides, early burning prevents soil erosion and ensures that the period for reduced pasture for their livestock is reasonably short to the early rains. Moreover, lactating mothers are restricted from water points; throwing objects into watersheds is also prohibited. /Ascent 905

Another noticeable feature in the Tongaland is the high presence of luxuriant big tree such as Mululwe (Rauvolfia), Mubanga (Pericopsis), Muzungula (Sausage tree), Mopane (Colophospermum), Mubombo (Acacia) and Mukuyu (Ficus ingens). /Leading 150 /Type /Font Essentially, totemism creates harmonious relationship between tribal groups and the natural environment (Grenier 1998).

To this effect, bill boards are displayed in all main gateways to this area. Most of the traditional leaders together with the elderly participants in this research held that during seasons of drought or delay in the onset of rains, the village elders visit the shrines to pray for rains. Kanene, K.M., 2015, ‘The environmentality of shrines: Case of Gonde Malende (Shrine) of the Tonga People of Southern Zambia’, Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 4(2), 154–160. endobj /Border [0 0 0] A groundnut field could be intercropped with cucumbers, watermelons and sweet grass, whilst a beans field is usually intercropped with cucumbers, watermelons, sweet grass and a bit of maize. /XHeight 519

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