why are aboriginal smoking rates so high

Data from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2014–155 and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey for 2012–13 have also been used to estimate smoking prevalence among the Stolen Generations and their descendants.10. A range of small surveys44-50 and anecdotal evidence51 suggest that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health workers have a high prevalence of smoking. 60. Smoking can sometimes be traced back to contact of Aboriginal communities with outside cultures which made it become a "normal part" of their culture. 3. The proportion of ever smokers who had quit increased among Indigenous adults from 2002 to 2014–15, with faster increases among those living in non-remote areas than in remote areas.14, There appears to have been no change to the ‘gap’ in smoking prevalence between the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adult population and the non-Indigenous adult population during the 20 years to 2014–15, which remained steady at about 30 percentage points. [5a] Between 75 and 85% of people smoke in that area [7].

Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129550168. 7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413286, 49. 27, 28 The 2004–05 survey also reported significant associations between smoking and higher levels of psychological distress or having a disability or other long-term health condition.28 Data from the 2002 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey show that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who had been arrested or incarcerated in the last five years were significantly more likely to be smokers; those who reported all four of ‘arrested in last 5 years’, ‘incarcerated in last 5 years’, ‘used legal services in past 12 months’ and ‘victim of violence in past 12 months’ were nearly 10 times more likely to be smokers than those who did not report any of these experiences.27, Although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have had different experiences of colonisation, the colonising process has overall had an important influence on ongoing patterns of tobacco use by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (see Section 8.2). "I have to say I thought I'd never pull this off because the only time I didn't smoke was when I was pregnant and had little breast-feeding babies, but once they were off the boob I was back on the fags," reveals Carol [18]. 'WA MP a quitter-and proud of it', Koori Mail 458 p.51 Table 41-10-0007-01 smoking status by Aboriginal identity. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15707168. "There is a mixed message in the paper, but we do see a substantial decline in smoking prevalence in the population has occurred," he said. PHE 123.Canberra: AIHW, 2010. Percentage of Indigenous adults who smoke cigarettes, which can be as high as 70% in some northern communities.

8. The proportion of adults in Australia who smoke daily decreased from 24% in 1995 to 14% in 2014-15, a rate which since has been relatively steady (it was about the same in 2017-18). Last update: Viewed Available from: https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/portalfiles/portal/12154924/WAACHSVolume1.pdf. 58. 32. Name three elements that Aboriginal people can relate to. AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), Indigenous smoking rates: Older kids a new tool to break cycle in Northern Territory, Facebook could help lower Indigenous smoking rates, NT researchers say, Older kids the new weapon to tackle Indigenous kids' smoking. For example, a survey of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women aged 15–34 years in 23 communities in far north Queensland found a smoking prevalence of 62%,17 and studies have confirmed higher levels of smoking in the Top End of the Northern Territory than for the Indigenous population as a whole.18-21 The most recent of these studies found smoking prevalence of 76%20 and 70%21 in Top End communities. Tobacco isn't always perceived by community members to be a high priority when they are dealing with a wide range of health issues—it is the silent killer. The 2012–13 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey examined prevalence of smoking as defined by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission region, and found a large variation between regions.1 For example, daily smoking prevalence ranged from 28% in the Australian Capital Territory, to 68% in Katherine. 1997.

no. Darwin, Australia: Menzies School of Health Research and the Co-operative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health, 2001. Bibbulung Gnarneep ('solid kid'): Causal pathways to poor birth outcomes in an urban Aboriginal birth cohort. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/e0f2fc45-cbe4-4c52-a7c1-9a00648b42f2/aihw-ihw-200.pdf.aspx?inline=true. 'Mums who smoke 'pose threat'', Koori Mail 505 p.70 — Frank. [7b]

Lindorff KJ. Carol Martin, Aboriginal woman, West Australian Labor MP and a smoker for 39 years, quit smoking in 2009.

9. Smoking rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people still remain over 3 times the national average of non-indigenous people – but the good news is that smoking rates are declining faster in Aboriginal communities than the general Australian population. [21]50% of Aboriginal mothers smoked during pregnancy, a rate that's relatively steady between 2001 and 2009. The health of Australia’s prisoners 2018. This is a national program providing funding for regional activities that will reduce the number of people taking up smoking and encourage and support people to quit. It features local scenes and Aboriginal community members. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2002; 21:349–56. 4737.0 - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: Smoking trends, Australia, 1994 to 2014-15. [15] But between 2004-05 and 2018-19, the highest reductions in daily smoking have been found in the younger age-groups (18-34 years).

'Pregnant smokers targeted', Koori Mail 445 p.47 'Smokers urged to butt out', Koori Mail 448 p.49 "So we really should be celebrating the progress that we are seeing with smoking prevalence decreasing, and the cardiovascular disease decrease too.". Thomas DP, Briggs V, Anderson IP, and Cunningham J. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/a6c077c3-e1af-40de-847f-e8a3e3456c44/aihw-ihw-195.pdf.aspx?inline=true. See Table 11.3 in Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4715.0Main%20Features152018-19?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4715.0&issue=2018-19&num=&view=. 'Information overload poses health risks during pregnancy', SMH 7/5/2016 [27]

Giving up [smoking] will allow me, as a mother and grandmother, to take my place in the community and have a major impact on their future.

Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412679, 28. The overall higher degree of disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is likely to be a major contributor to the high prevalence of smoking. Cat. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Since 1994, the researchers said it was clear to see the smoking rate had dropped significantly among the Indigenous population, as had rates of smoking-related illnesses like cardiovascular disease. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/about+tablebuilder, 17. The Western Australian Aboriginal child health survey: The health of Aboriginal children and young people. Once diagnosed with lung cancer, only one in three Aboriginal men and one in two Aboriginal women will survive it because they are often affected by other chronic health problems, are diagnosed too late or have less access to treatment and screening [2]. NoSmokes.com.au is a project of the Menzies School of Health Research and funded by the Department of Ageing. [17] 4722.0.55.004—Tobacco smoking—Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: A snapshot, 2004–05 2007. Estimated prevalence of current smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults and non-Indigenous persons aged 15+, 1994–2019, Source Australian Bureau of Statistics 9, 14, Between 2004–05 and 2018–19, the prevalence of daily smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults 15 years and over in Australia decreased by 12.6%, from 50.0% to 37.4%.9, 15 Declines were observed among both men and women, and proportion of people who smoked every day was lowest for people age 15–17 years (10%).

Available from: http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/B1BCF4E6DD320A0BCA25714C001822BC/$File/47150_2004-05.pdf. During white settlement many Aboriginal people were 'paid' in tobacco, further entrenching the habit into their culture.

Percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged 15 years and over who smoked in 2018-19; Rate of Aboriginal adults smoking in 2009 in NSW (all Australians: 17.2%).

From a history of being paid with tobacco, smoking rates in Aboriginal communities are declining but way above average, posing a serious health threat.

Characterising the smoking status and quit smoking behaviour of Aboriginal health workers in South Australia. See Section 8.7.3.5 for health impact of smoking during pregnancy and Section 8.10.13.3 for tobacco action initiatives that address smoking during pregnancy. This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. "So that means that the legacy of tobacco is quite different than for the non-Indigenous population.".

'New funding to curb Indigenous smoking rates, the cause of 1 in 5 preventable deaths', SMH 10/2/2018 Available from: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/888.abstract, 30. 6. Smoking bans have been or are being implemented in prisons in all Australian states and territories except Western Australia. In 2014–15, more than one-third (36%) of Indigenous adults were living in households in the lowest income quintile; twice the proportion of non-Indigenous adults (17%).24 Moreover, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are over-represented among those Australians who experience mental illness (as evidenced by self-reported levels of psychological distress, depression, higher rates of hospitalisation for mental illness, and death and injury through suicide and intentional injury), homelessness, and exposure to the criminal justice system as offenders (with imprisonment at 13 times the rate of non-Indigenous people and juvenile detention at 23 times the rate for non-Indigenous youth).25 Each of these factors is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking (see Chapter 1, Section 1.9).

National key performance indicators for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care results for 2017. This section includes estimates of current smoking prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, as well as prevalence over time.

Proportion of smokers in some Aboriginal communities who are unaware of quit aids. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4737.0Main+Features11994%20to%202014-15?OpenDocument. Teenage mothers in Australia 2015. Zubrick S, Lawrence D, Silburn S, Blair E, Milroy H, et al.

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